- Monitoring: staggering number of people without improved sanitation
   facilities, says new report
- G8 leave 2.6 billion people with no place to go

Afrique Sub-Saharienne (max 3)

 - Ghana: shared latrine facilities versus improved facilities?
 - South Africa: Democratic Alliance turns to Law to get water reports
 - Nigeria, FCT:  draft water policy to be presented to National Assembly
Europe et Amérique du Nord (max 1) Pas de nouvelles
 
Autres régions (max 2)

 - Haiti: Report indicts U.S. government and IDB for violations of the rights to clean water and health
 - Bangladesh: Arsenic detector saving lives

Leçons d’expériences (max 3)

- Post-conflict approaches: evaluation of Water for Recovery and Peace Program (WRAPP), Southern Sudan
- Ceramics becomes key to disease control

Technologies à suivre (max 3)
- Communal Water House: demonstration unit unveiled in South Africa
- Arsenic detection: UNICEF Bangladesh purchases 50 “digital arsenators”
- Venezuela: Government to install 125 solar powered potable water plants

Funding opportunities (max 1)
- Financing water and sanitation at local levels
- Uganda: microfinance offered to urban poor in Kampala for toilet construction

Publications récentes (max 2)

 - Towards water neutrality : reducing and offsetting the impacts of water
   footprint
 - ¿Saneamiento para todos?

Nouvelles vagues Web (1).

 - WaterEUM – Effective Utility Management Resource Toolbox
Acteurs du secteur (1)
Evénements et conférences
__________________________________
Informations générales
MONITORING: staggering number of people without improved sanitation facilities, says new report

Every day, over 2.5 billion people suffer from a lack of access to improved sanitation and nearly 1.2 billion practise open defecation, a staggering number, according to a new report [1] by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. “At current trends, the world will fall short of the Millennium sanitation target by more than 700 million people, » said Ann M. Veneman, UNICEF Executive Director.

The report assesses — for the first time – global, regional and country progress using an innovative « ladder » concept for different service levels for sanitation and drinking water.

Real improvements in access to improved drinking water sources have occurred in many of the countries of southern Africa. Worldwide, the number of people without access has fallen below one billion for the first time since data were first compiled in 1990. At present 87% of the world population has access to improved drinking water sources, with current trends suggesting that more than 90% will do so by 2015. Disparities remain, however, between rural and urban dwellers. Worldwide, there are four times as many people in rural areas – approximately 746 million – without improved water sources, compared to some 137 million urban dwellers.

[1] WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). Progress on drinking water and sanitation : special focus on sanitation. New York, NY, USA, UNICEF and Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. 54 p. Download here [http://www.irc.nl/url/26603]

Related news:

 * Improving on haves and have-nots – the need for smarter WASH monitoring,
   Sanitation Updates [http://www.irc.nl/url/25571], 14 Apr 2008

 * Ghana: shared latrine facilities versus improved facilities? Source
   Weekly, 24 Jul 2008 [http://www.irc.nl/url/26671]

See also:

 * Bostoen, K. and Evans, B. (2008). Crossfire: ‘Measures of sanitation
   coverage for the MDGs are unreliable, only raising a false sense of
   achievement’. Waterlines, vol. 27, no. 1 ; p. 5-11. DOI:
   10.3362/1756-3488.2008.002 [http://www.irc.nl/url/26605]

 * Cotton, A. and Bartram, J. (2008). Sanitation: on- or off-track? Issues
   of monitoring sanitation and the role of the Joint Monitoring Programme.
   Waterlines, vol. 27, no. 1 ; p. 12-29. DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.2008.003
   [http://www.irc.nl/url/26606]

Web site: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation [http://www.irc.nl/url/26607]

Contact: WHO, Switzerland, mailto:contact-who@wssinfo.org ; UNICEF, USA, mailto:contact-unicef@wssinfo.org

Source: WHO [http://www.irc.nl/url/26610], 17 Jul 2008
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G8 leave 2.6 billion people with no place to go
“Hopes of a breakthrough in the global sanitation and water crisis at the G8 summit were [...] dashed as the G8 delivered a communique largely devoid of concrete actions to help the 2.6 billion people lacking access to a safe toilet, and the 1.1 billion people lacking access to clean water”.

“Instead of agreeing an action plan to tackle what a recent WaterAid report claims kills more children than any other single factor, G8 leaders were content to report on progress at the 2009 summit and take steps to implement the discredited 2003 G8 Evian Water Action Plan“.

“Proposals included in earlier communique drafts for an annual meeting and review to drive progress had been removed, while the G8 failed to provide any specific financial commitments”.

 Read more: http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/news__events/123.asp
Other sources: G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit Leaders Declaration
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Afrique Sub-Saharienne

GHANA: shared latrine facilities versus improved facilities?

Ghanaian institutions believe that about 61% of the people have access to improved latrine facilities. However, a recent report from the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) called « A Snapshot of Sanitation in Africa » [1], indicates that only ten percent of Ghanaians had access to improved latrine facilities as at 2006. The JMP’s adherence to the application of international standards in computing the figures is the cause of the controversy. The JMP clearly separates shared latrine facilities from the improved ones, a situation that places Ghana, in terms of performance 48th out of 51 African countries and 14th out of 15 West African countries assessed in the report. According to the report, shared facilities alone represent 51% in terms of access to latrines in Ghana.

Ghana has made enormous investments in public latrines. To declare all these facilities unimproved by Ghana would imply additional financial resources to either provide or promote private latrines.

The sanitation sector as a whole, led by the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Environment, should debate this issue as soon as possible. This will help the Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate to do a more effective analysis of the on-going nationwide baseline sanitation data collection before another ‘data bomb’ explodes.

[1] A snapshot of sanitation in Africa [http://www.irc.nl/url/26640], report produced for the AfricaSan+5 International Conference on Sanitation held in Durban, South Africa in February 2008

Web site: UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme [http://www.irc.nl/url/421]

Source: Public Agenda (Accra) / allAfrica.com [http://www.irc.nl/url/26641], 04 Jul 2008
——————–

SOUTH AFRICA: Democratic Alliance turns to Law to get water reports

The Democratic Alliance (DA) is using the Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) to try to establish whether the death of 140 children in Ukhahlamba in Eastern Cape was directly related to contaminated water supplies [1].

The DA’s approach to the water affairs department to obtain information follows the deaths earlier this year as well as numerous reports indicating that water quality in some municipalities is increasingly below standard.
Water Affairs Minister Lindiwe Hendricks has repeatedly given the assurance that water quality is monitored and where problems occur they are rectified”.

[1] Related news: South Africa: Minister to take over municipal water supply, country shocked by infant deaths, Source Weekly [http://www.irc.nl/url/26643], 10 Jun 2008

Web site: the official DA statement [http://www.irc.nl/url/26642]

Source: Wyndham Hartley, Business Day (Johannesburg) / allAfrica.com [http://www.irc.nl/url/26644], 03 Jul 2008
——————–

NIGERIA, FCT:  draft water policy to be presented to National Assembly

The Director of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Water Board, Engineer Jibril Ibrahim has said the FCT draft water policy and bill will soon be presented to the National Assembly for consideration. Ibrahim said the policy done in collaboration with the Department for International Development (DFID) is meant to provide FCT Water Board with a new mandate, autonomy, improved accountability frame work and to encourage private sector participation. The perception that water is free and people not willing to pay for it, has brought about water failure in the city, according to DFID consultant Engineer Adesoji Adeyemi.

The policy will facilitate customer’s involvement in water management and ensure closer collaboration with other government agencies.

Source: Usman a Bello and Musa Umar Bologi, Daily Trust (Abuja) / allAfrica.com [http://www.irc.nl/url/26645], 09 Jul 2008
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Autres régions

Haiti: Report indicts U.S. government and IDB for violations of the rights to clean water and health

“In 1998, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) awarded $54 million in loans to the Haitian government to improve the country’s patchwork, crumbling public-water system. The money was intended to bring clean water to people who for many years had been denied this basic human right, with devastating consequences for public health. Ten years later, however, this desperately needed money has not produced a single improvement to Haiti’s water supply in the city designated to be one of the first recipients”.

On 23 June 2008, Partners In Health – along with its Haitian sister organization Zanmi Lasante, the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, and the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Center – released the 87-page report “Wòch nan Soley: The Denial of the Right to Water in Haiti” in New York City.

The report “reveals the United States government’s clandestine efforts to ensure that political considerations (namely the desire to destabilize Haiti’s elected government at that time, led by President Jean-Bertrand Aristide) took precedence over the rights of some of the planet’s poorest and most vulnerable people”.

“In the 10 years since the loans were approved, the Haitian water system has actually gotten worse. In 2002, a water-poverty index released by the British-based Centre for Ecology and Hydrology ranked Haiti dead last out of 147 countries surveyed”.

The investigative team that produced the report “worked for six years to bring the story of the IDB loans to light. During that time, Haiti’s water system continued to deteriorate. The report states that:

* Public water systems are rarely available throughout the year and close to 70 percent of the population lacks direct access to potable water at all times
* The percentage of the population without access to safe drinking water has increased by at least seven percent from 1990 to 2005
* Infectious diarrhea was the second leading cause of death in Haiti in 1999, and gastrointestinal infection was the leading cause of mortality for young children. These preventable diseases result primarily from unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation”.

Read more:http://www.pih.org/inforesources/news/IDB_Haiti_report.html

————————-
Bangladesh: Arsenic detector saving lives

“Millions of people in Bangladesh continue to drink water from arsenic-contaminated tube wells, the most common source of drinking water in the country, according to health specialists.

A 2001 survey by the British Geological Survey estimated that more than 50 million people in Bangladesh drank water from such wells – that figure is closer to 100 million now, says Mohammad Quamaruzzaman of Dhaka Community Hospital”.

[...]

So far only half of the 10 million tubewells in Bangladesh have been tested for arsenic, according to UNICEF water and sanitation specialist, Rick Johnston. “The only way to test so many wells in such a short time is through field testing kits”, Johnston said. For this purpose UNICEF Bangladesh has purchased 50 digital “arsenators” to be used in collaboration with the government and NGO partners. Besides delivering fast results, this portable field testing kit is seen to be accurate, easy to use, and environmentally friendly.
***********************
Leçons d’expériences

Post-conflict approaches: evaluation of Water for Recovery and Peace Program (WRAPP), Southern Sudan

The Water for Recovery and Peace Program (WRAPP) has been operating in Southern Sudan under PACT since 2005 with the aim to:

increase access to protected water supply and enhance awareness about sanitation and hygiene;
enhance capacity for community management of water schemes;
contribute to the reduction of conflict and the promotion of stability and peace; and
be gender and environmentally sensitive.
The main funding agency of WRAPP is USAID/OFDA. By November 2007, WRAPP had implemented 707 (boreholes) rural water supply schemes, rehabilitated 505 (boreholes) schemes, 13 semi-urban water distribution schemes, public toilet blocks in 10 towns and one hafir, a major rainwater harvesting facility. The total number of beneficiaries reached under WRAPP reach an estimated 1,4 million.
Read full report: http://www.odi.org.uk/wpp/resources/project-reports/WRAPP%20evaluation%20report.pdf
——————————
Ceramics becomes key to disease control
Waterborne diseases are a big problem in the city of Bafoussam, in the West of Cameroon. Hopefully the habitants of this city will shortly forget about the diseases thanks to the introduction of locally made ceramic filters in the near future. This video shows the situation in Bafoussam at this very moment.
“In 2007 we had about 150 cases of cholera”, says Dieudonne Mouofo, a medical officer at Bafoussam health centre. He says that the announced filters are a good method of getting rid of germs, just like disinfectants or decanting water.

Local NGOs Action pour un Développement Équitable, Intégré et Durable (ADEID), PRACTICA and Prespot are to shortly introduce low-cost ceramic filters in the area.

One important step in the implementation of the project would be the training of locals on how to produce ceramic filters.
See a video created by Africa Interactive in cooperation with the Practica: http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/19451

*************************************
Technologies à suivre

- Communal Water House: demonstration unit unveiled in South Africa
On 4 July 2008, Science and Technology Deputy Minister, Derek Hanekom unveiled the first ever Communal Water House in South Africa in the village of Jansenville in the Eastern Cape.

The demonstration unit comprises technologies for water and solar energy use as well as low-water consumption sanitation methods. [...]. It allows residents to use potable water for drinking and cooking, and to apply grey water recycling to re-use the water for laundry, sanitation and irrigation. [...] Water use is further improved as heating is done via solar panels.

There are plans to roll out the service to between 200 to 800 people in other municipalities.

The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research has invested R21 million in the project.

The project web site mentions that “water use efficiency is by 2-3 times higher than in conventional systems. Therefore, much more people can be serviced by the same amount of water. Energy need is by 100.000 kWh per year lower. Solar energy is used instead of fossil fuels. Therefore, no connection to centralized electricity supply is necessary. Climate effect is equal to 30 tons of carbon dioxide equivalentsper year per unit and therefore contributes to climate improvement measures”.

Source: http://allafrica.com/stories/200807040554.html
Read more at the Communal Water House website: http://www.wasserhaus-suedafrika.de/index.en.html

————————

Arsenic detection: UNICEF Bangladesh purchases 50 “digital arsenators”

So far only half of the 10 million tubewells in Bangladesh have been tested for arsenic, according to UNICEF water and sanitation specialist, Rick Johnston. “The only way to test so many wells in such a short time is through field testing kits”, Johnston said. For this purpose UNICEF Bangladesh has purchased 50 “digital arsenators” to be used in collaboration with the government and NGO partners. Besides delivering fast results, this portable field testing kit is seen to be accurate, easy to use, and environmentally friendly.
Read more: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79160

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Venezuela: Government to install 125 solar powered potable water plants

Venezuela’s Fundelec, a foundation under supervision of the energy and oil ministry, which promotes nationwide electrification, is carrying out a programme to install solar powered potable water plants. A total of 60 plants (125 are planned) have already been installed, benefiting 59 communities and 14,820 inhabitants. The water plants are aimed at indigenous and isolated communities, as well as those located near international borders.

Source: BNamericas.com(subscription site), 17 Jun 2008

***********************
Funding opportunities
Financing water and sanitation at local levels

WaterAid carried out analyses in 12 developing countries in Africa and Asia (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, Mali, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia) to identify some of the key blockages and systemic weaknesses that stand in the way of development finance reaching the local authorities who are responsible for delivering water and sanitation services. The research showed that in spite of policy commitments to decentralisation, local governments are consistently by-passed by those financing development, resulting in a high risk of duplication and inequitable coverage. In the countries studied, on average nearly two-thirds of capital expenditure for the water and sanitation sectors is outside of the local government budget and their direct control. This undermines governance and accountability at the local level. Local government’s own expenditure on water and sanitation barely gets above US$ 6 per capita per annum. And yet, even the simplest hand-dug wells cost US$ 30 per capita. National governments and donors in particular need to step back and allow local governments to make decisions (and mistakes) in response to local pressures. Recommendations are provided for the different stakeholders – national governments, donors, NGOs and local government – to improve financing for and governance at the local level.

Based on the research WaterAid has published a synthesis paper (”Think local, act local” by Laura Hucks, April 20 (http://www.wateraid.org/documents/think_local_act_local_report.pdf)  and a full research report (”Financing water and sanitation at local levels” by Dinesh Mehta and Meera Mehta, Jan 2008).http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/financing_water_and_sanitation_at_local_levels.pdf

_—————–

Uganda: microfinance offered to urban poor in Kampala for toilet construction
July 9, 2008 · No Comments
Uganda Microfinance Limited and Centenary Bank are offering financial solutions to the urban poor in Kampala to purchase and install toilets.

The toilets are being installed as part of a public-private initiative launched by the the Ministry of Water and Environment and the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ).

“The project will be implemented in partnership with Crestanks and Poly Fibre, private companies that produce and distribute plastic toilets”.

[...]

“The two-year pilot phase of the project is estimated to cost sh480m. Of this, sh240m was contributed by GTZ, while the private companies contributed sh120m each. Crestanks and Polyfibre will set up demonstration units on use of the toilet facilities in six pilot parishes in Kampala”.

Source: John Kasozi, New Vision / http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071053.html, 6 July 2008

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Publications récentes

Towards water neutrality : reducing and offsetting the impacts of water footprint

Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008). Towards water neutrality : reducing and offsetting the impacts of water footprints. (Value of water research report series ; no. 28). Delft, The Netherlands, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education.
- 36 p. : boxes, fig. – 38 ref. – Includes glossary

This report discusses water footprints and the water-neutral concept.
Despite the possible pitfalls and yet unanswered questions, it seems that the water-neutral concept offers a useful tool to bring stakeholders in water management together in order to discuss water reduction targets and mechanisms for the compensation of environmental and social impacts of residual water footprints. However, the concept can only become really effective in the actual contribution to wise management of global water resources when clear definitions and guidelines will be developed. There is a need for scientific rigour in accounting methods and for clear
(negotiated) guidelines on the conditions that have to be met before one can speak about water neutrality. Without agreed definitions and guidelines on what is water neutrality, the term is most likely to end up as a catchword for raising funds for charity projects in the water sector. In that context, the term can also fulfil a useful function, but it would be ‘water neutrality’ in its weakest form. It will become a strong concept only when claims towards water-neutrality can be measured against clear standards.

Download document [http://www.irc.nl/url/26649]

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¿Saneamiento para todos?

Bruijne, G. de; Geurts, M. and Appleton, B. (2008). ¿Saneamiento para todos? (Documento tematico / IRC; no. 20). Delft, The Netherlands, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. – 63 p.

Thematic Overview Paper (TOP) no. 20, Sanitation for all? Is now available in Spanish. After introducing the topic of sanitation, it looks at the historical perspective and addresses different types of sanitation, such as basic sanitation, environmental sanitation, and ecological sanitation. It goes on to explain the elements of a sanitation system and the different stakeholders involved. Approaches to technology choice are discussed and the TOP concludes with a number of relevant books, articles and papers, websites and contacts. For decades, water and sanitation sector professionals complained that sanitation was being neglected. Today, the mood is very different. Powerful arguments about the role of sanitation improvements in reducing poverty, protecting the environment, raising education standards, and spearheading human development attracted massive media attention at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 1992. As a direct result of that Summit, a vital sanitation target was added to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Target 10 of MDG7 urges governments
to: Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. The challenge to WSS practitioners now is to deliver sustainable sanitation services to more than two billion people by 2015.

Download document [http://www.irc.nl/url/26650]
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Acteurs du secteur

 - Tanzania: Norconsult exits country to avoid corruption
Tanzania: Norconsult exits country to avoid corruption

Norconsultant will no longer bid for contracts managed by local authorities in Tanzania due to widespread corruption. The findings of a new audit, revealing irregular payments to several projects, have made the company decide to close down its local subsidiary Norconsult Tanzania Ltd (NTZ), and to fire the Managing Director. The new audit is the company’s follow up of an on-going World Bank investigation launched more than a year ago in connection with an irregegular USD 146,500 (EUR 93,000) cash payment in the Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Project.

Web sites:

 * Norconsult [http://www.irc.nl/url/26669]

 * Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Project,
   [http://www.irc.nl/url/26670]

 * Global Corruption Report 2008 [http://www.irc.nl/url/26668]: Corruption
   in the Water Sector, released in New York on 25 June 2008 by
   Transparency International.

Related news: Norconsult: risks debarment from World Bank contracts, Source
15 Jun 2007 [http://www.irc.nl/layout/set/plain/page/36565].

Source: Development Today [http://www.irc.nl/url/26491] [subscription site], 18 May 2008 ; Norconsult [http://www.irc.nl/url/26492], May 2008

******************************************
Nouvelles vagues Web

WaterEUM – Effective utility management resource toolbox

Package of tools designed by water and wastewater utilities in six collaborating associations and the US Environmental Protection Agency, to advance effective management practices to achieve long-term sustainability.
The Resource Toolbox provides a compilation of the resources from the seven organizations collaborating on the Effective Utility Management effort and is organized according to the ten attributes of effectively managed utilities and the five keys to management success.

The six coalition members are: the American Water Works Association, American Public Works Association, Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, National Association of Clean Water Agencies, National Association of Water Companies, Water Environment Federation.

Web site: http://www.watereum.org/ [http://www.irc.nl/url/26648]

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 - CSD-16: review of progress on water and sanitation
 - Cost-benefit analysis: comparing network infrastructure services with
   low-cost alternatives
Afrique Sub-Saharienne (max 3)

 - South Africa: Minister to take over municipal water supply, country
   shocked by infant deaths
 - Sudan: People with HIV demand safe drinking water
 - Ghana: sanitation campaign strategy launched

Europe et Amérique du Nord (max 1) C’est deja en francais
 - Aqua publica europea : un réseau pour la gestion publique de l’eau
 
Autres régions (max 2)
- Indonesia: diarrhoea takes deadly toll on toddlers consuming infant
   formula
 - Puerto Rico: Mosquitoes from sceptic tanks transmit dengue

Leçons d’expériences (max 3)

 - Sanitation: Encourage families in Ghana to install home latrines
 - Finance: High and upfront connection charges for water act as a major
   barrier

Technologies à suivre (max 3)

 - BIOMIMICRY: beetle-based water harvesting
 
Funding opportunities (max 1)

 - Bilateral aid: update on new water funding from Japan, Australia and
   Spain
 - Water kiosks: providing affordable urban water services in Cameroon and
   Tanzania
Publications récentes (max 2)

- Waterlines, vol. 27, no. 2 (April 2008)
- Beyond construction : use by all : a collection of case studies from
   sanitation and hygiene promotion practitioners in South Asia
 
Nouvelles vagues Web (1).

- BushProof Madagascar

Acteurs du secteur (1)

 - Guinea worm eradication: President Laurent Gbagbo of Cote d’Ivoire
   receives Jimmy Carter Prize

Evénements et conférences

- 17- 23 août 2008 : Semaine Mondiale de l’Eau – Stockholm, Suède

__________________________________
INTERNATIONAL
 
CSD-16: review of progress on water and sanitation
 
The 16th session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable
Development (CSD-16), was held from 05-16 May 2008 in New York. One of the
items on the agenda was a review of progress in implementing CSD-13
decisions on water and sanitation [1].
 
In his address [2] to the high-level segment of CSD-16, UN
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, said it was “clear that the rate of
progress is still too slow to meet the MDG-7 environmental sustainability
targets”. He reiterated that delegates had stressed “the need to raise
public awareness; the need for increased funding, not least to guarantee
affordable water and sanitation for the poor; and the need to incorporate a
gender perspective into the water and sanitation agenda”. He urged the
Ministers “to make best use of the opportunity provided this year by the
International Year of Sanitation to raise awareness and accelerate
implementation of that agenda”.
 
Two CSD-16 side events [3] of special interest were:
 
 * “The MDG Water and Sanitation Target: Refining the monitoring tools”
   in which UN-Water present ongoing work on several major assessment
   tools. One of these was the Global Annual Assessment on Sanitation and
   Drinking Water (GLAAS) for which IRC is preparing an overview of
   European Aid to Africa [4]
 
 * “Sanitation : A Human Rights Imperative” where WaterAid, the Centre
   on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), UN-HABITAT and Swiss
   Development Co-operation (SDC) presented their draft publication on this
   topic [5].
 
[1] UN. Economic and Social Council (2008). Review of progress in
implementing the decision of the 13th session of the Commission on
Sustainable Development on water and sanitation : report of the
Secretary-General. E/CN.17/2008/11. Download here
[www.irc.nl/url/26092]
 
[2] UN News Centre [www.irc.nl/url/26093], 14 May 2008
 
[3] UN Commission on Sustainable Development, 16th Session, New York, 5 –
16 May 2008. Highlights of Side Events. Download here
[www.irc.nl/url/26094]
 
[4] Diaz, C. and Fonseca, C. (2008). Mapping European aid to Africa. EUWI
Africa / IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. Download here
[www.irc.nl/url/26095]
 
[5] COHRE … [et al.]. (2008). Sanitation : a human rights imperative.
Draft. Geneva, Switzerland, Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE).
Download here [www.irc.nl/url/26096]
 
Web sites: UN Commission on Sustainable Development. CSD Review Session
[www.irc.nl/url/24756] ; UN-Water [www.irc.nl/url/17658]
——————–
 
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: comparing network infrastructure services with
low-cost alternatives
 
« While we often assume that the benefits of improving water and
sanitation systems always outweigh the costs, this is not always
true », say Dale Whittington and Bjørn Lomborg. New research [1]
written for the 2008 Copenhagen Consensus reveals that the full cost of
piping water to a household is as high as US$ 80 (EUR 51.50) per month,
which is far beyond the means of most families in developing countries.
Whittington and Lomborg claim that “the health advantages of providing
networked water supplies are less dramatic than is often assumed”. They
also challenge the assumption that all dams are bad investments, especially
in the case of multi-purpose dams for power, irrigation and flood
protection.
 
The research found that three alternatives to expensive network
infrastructure systems – boreholes with hand pumps, bio-sand filters and
community-led total sanitation (CLTS) – delivered benefits that were 2-3
times higher than the investments.
 
Sanitation and water is one the ten challenges that are being addressed by
the 2008 Copenhagen Consensus. More than 55 international economists,
including 5 Nobel Laureates, will be invited to assess proposed solutions
for the challenges and assemble a list of priorities. The first Copenhagen
Consensus was held in 2004.
 
[1] Whttington, D. … [et al.]. (2008). Copenhagen Consensus 2008
challenge paper sanitation and water. Frederiksberg, Denmark, Copenhagen
Consensus Center. Comments, in the form of two perspective papers, are
provided by Jenna Davis of Stanford University, and Frank Rijsberman / Alix
Peterson Zwane of Water and Sanitation Services at Google.org
[www.irc.nl/url/26130]. Download the papers here
[www.irc.nl/url/26131]
 
Related news: Cost-benefit: water and sanitation investment highly
cost-effective, say top economists, Source Weekly
[www.irc.nl/url/19590], 02 Jun 2004
 
Contact: Dale Whittington, Dept. of Environmental Sciences &
Engineering and City & Regional Planning, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, USA, and Manchester Business School, Manchester University,
UK, Dale_Whittington@unc.edu [mailto:dale_whittington@unc.edu] ; Henrik
Meyer, Deputy Director, Copenhagen Consensus Center, Denmark,
mailto:hm.ccc@cbs.dk
 
Web site: Copenhagen Consensus [www.irc.nl/url/26133]
 
Source: Dale Whittington and Bjørn Lomborg, Project Syndicate
[www.irc.nl/url/26134], May 2008

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AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA
 
SOUTH AFRICA: Minister to take over municipal water supply, country shocked
by infant deaths
 
The government plans to step in where councils have failed to provide safe
drinking water said Water Affairs and Forestry Minister Lindiwe Hendricks
during her budget vote debate in Parliament on 23 May 2008. The decision
was sparked by recent events including the deaths of babies who allegedly
drank contaminated tap water in the Eastern Cape and the failure of six per
cent of (mainly rural) local authorities to comply with regulations for
providing quality water.
 
According to IPS, more than 83 percent of the affected families did not
have toilets in their homes, so they had to use outside pit latrines that
are prone to allowing leakage of untreated water into the ground water
system.
 
The diarrhoea outbreak in the Eastern Cape echoes developments elsewhere in
South Africa that have seen technical staff abandon careers in local
government, prompting a critical skills shortage in the management of water
supplies that has led in turn to serious illnesses and even death. The
skills shortage in the water sector, particularly in local government and
in DWAF, is also highlighted in DWAF’s recent discussion document on the
Strategic Framework on Water for Sustainable Growth and Development.
 
Web site:
 
 * DWAF Minister Lindiwe Hendricks´s Budget Vote Debate speech
   [www.irc.nl/url/26017]
 
 * DWAF´s Strategic Framework on Water for Sustainable Growth and
   Development [www.irc.nl/url/26018]
 
Related news: South Africa: Engineering body moves to tackle national
infrastructure crisis, WASH News Africa [www.irc.nl/url/25978], 27
May 2008
 
Sources: Siyabonga Mkhwanazi, Cape Argus [www.irc.nl/url/26019]
(Cape Town), 24 May 2008 ; Steven Lang, IPS [www.irc.nl/url/26020],
26 May 2008
——————–
 
SUDAN: People with HIV demand safe drinking water
 
For years, Lole Laila Lole, HIV-positive chairperson of an association for
people living with HIV/AIDS in southern Sudan, had to drink, cook with, and
bathe in the dirty, contaminated water he fetched from the River Nile.
 
Due to their weakened immune systems, people living with HIV are
particularly susceptible to infections and diseases that can be present in
untreated water. Also maternal health risks are significantly higher for
HIV-positive mothers and babies.
 
Since the end of the war in 2005, treatment tablets have become available
in the shops, and HIV-positive people who can afford them are now able to
protect themselves from the outbreaks of cholera and other diarrhoeal
diseases. This year, Population Services International, with funding from
the US Centres for Disease Control, began including water treatment tablets
in the basic care packets they distribute to people with HIV every three
months. This was partly in response to pressure from people living with
HIV.
 
Government leaders in the south say they lack adequate resources to
redevelop the war-ravaged region and deliver services such as providing
safe water.
 
Web site: Population Services International PSI – Sudan
[www.irc.nl/url/26021]
 
Source: IRIN/PlusNews [www.irc.nl/url/26022], 12 May 2008
——————–
 
GHANA: sanitation campaign strategy launched
 
‘Repackaging Sanitation for Accelerated National Development’ is the
theme of the sanitation campaign which was launched by the vice President
of the Republic of Ghana, H.E. Alhaji Aliu Mahama. He calls on public and
private sector players, development allies, traditional rulers and the
civil society to see the current sanitation problem as a national issue and
deal with it as such.
 
The campaign, organised by the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation
(CONIWAS), in collaboration with WaterAid, Ghana, is to keep the momentum
of the National Sanitation Programme.
 
The campaign involves lobbying politicians to place issues on sanitation,
public rallies high on their agenda to draw attention to the benefits of
clean environment. They will also lobby trade unions to take on politicians
to commit them to sanitation.
 
Web site:
 
 * Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS)
   [www.irc.nl/url/26061]
 
 * WaterAid, Ghana [www.irc.nl/url/26060]
 
Sources: ModernGhana.com [www.irc.nl/url/26062], 01 May 2008 ; The
Ghanaian Times [www.irc.nl/url/26063], 01 May 2008
***************************
Europe

Aqua publica europea : un réseau pour la gestion publique de l’eau

Plusieurs dizaines d’entreprises publiques françaises et européennes du secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement ont initié le 18 mars 2008 à Paris le lancement du réseau Aqua publica europea (APE). Ils considérent que l’eau est un bien commun et se prononce clairement en faveur de sa gestion publique, responsable, efficace, solidaire et durable.

Le poids symbolique de cet engagement est important, puisque cet acte fondateur s’est tenu à Paris, au pays qui a vu naître les deux entreprises privées aujourd’hui leaders mondiaux des services à l’environnement.

La démarche multiforme que souhaite promouvoir Aqua Publica Europea, présentée ci-après, dessine d’intéressantes perspectives et interpellera tous les militants engagés dans la défense et la promotion de la gestion publique de l’eau.

L’initiative marque aussi l’amorce d’une reconquête « culturelle » des enjeux de la gestion de l’eau dans un contexte européen qui n’épargnent pas le secteur de l’eau.  
dimanche 8 juin 2008, par Marc Laimé
http://blog.mondediplo.net/2008-06-08-Aqua-publica-europea-un-reseau-pour-la-gestion
*****************************
Other regions

INDONESIA: diarrhoea takes deadly toll on toddlers consuming infant formula
 
Infants are suffering serious bouts of diarrhoea, and in some cases dying,
from infant formula provided in emergency situations, according to a
coalition of international aid groups and government agencies that is
calling for the promotion of breast-feeding.
 
“Inappropriate use in emergencies of breast milk substitutes, often
received as unsolicited donations, endangers the lives of infants and young
children,” according to a statement issued after a March meeting in Bali,
Indonesia. It calls for systems to prevent and control such donations as in
emergency situations clean water and opportunities to clean feeding bottles
are lacking. Diarrhoea among children under two using baby formula after
the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006 showed a six-fold increase.
 
Kirsty McIvor, UNICEF Indonesia’s spokeswoman, told IRIN, “A lot of the
time the donations are well meant. There’s a misconception that in
emergency situations women’s milk dries up,” and while stress can cause
women’s milk to temporarily evaporate but it eventually returns.
 
Dr. Rotigliano, UNICEF representative to Indonesia, states in the press
release, “We know through decades of medical research… In the first six
months of life, [breast milk] is the only food and drink a baby needs.”
 
Contact: UNICEF Indonesia, mailto:jakarta@unicef.org,
http://www.unicef.org/indonesia [www.irc.nl/url/26235]
 
Source: IRIN [www.irc.nl/url/26236], 9 Apr 2008 ; UNICEF
[www.irc.nl/url/26237], 21 Mar 2008
——————-
PUERTO RICO: Mosquitoes from sceptic tanks transmit dengue
 
The implementation of a dengue control programme in Puerto Rico led to the
discovery of previously unknown mosquito breeding sites underground.
Research published in the March 2008 issue of Medical and Veterinary
Entomology [1] showed that large number of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti),
which transmit dengue fever to humans, were found to breed in septic tanks.
Geographical Information Systems identified significant clustering of adult
mosquitoes, which led to the discovery of underground aquatic habitats
(septic tanks) that were producing large numbers of Aedes aegypti and Culex
quinquefasciatus (Say) in the treated town.
 
Septic tanks are widespread in suburban and rural Puerto Rico, where,
apparently, they can contribute significantly to the maintenance of
island-wide dengue virus endemicity.
 
[1] R. Barrera, M. Amador, A. Diaz, J. Smith, J. L. Munoz-Jordan, Y.
Rosario (2008). Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and
its implications for dengue control.
 
Medical and Veterinary Entomology [www.irc.nl/url/26090] ; vol. 22,
no. 1 ; p. 62-69.
 
Contact: Roberto Barrera, Dengue Branch, Centres for Disease Control and
Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan 00920, Puerto Rico. Tel.: + 1 787
706 2399; Fax: + 1 787 706 2496; E-mail: mailto:rbarrera@cdc.gov
********************LESSONS LEARNED
 
SANITATION: Encourage families in Ghana to install home latrines
 
In Ghana, three-quarters of the population lack decent sanitation. Poor
sanitation is the cause of many life-threatening diseases, including
diarrhoea, and the lives of many children could be saved if latrines were
installed in their homes. What factors affect whether families in Ghana
have installed their own toilet? A study [1] by the University of
California Davis and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
considered why most families in Ghana do not have toilets. A behavioral
model of the decision to install a home toilet was developed and interviews
were conducted with a nationally representative sample of 536 mothers of
young children living in rural or semi-urban areas.
 
To encourage more families to install toilets the study recommends:
 
 * Advertising campaigns highlight the benefits of owning your own toilet
   (convenience, safety and cleanliness).
 
 * Legal action is taken to encourage landlords to install toilets in their
   properties.
 
 * New technologies are developed and marketed to tackle the problem of
   limited space.
 
 * Public policy addresses the lack of credit for home improvements.
 
[1] Jenkins, M.W and Scott, B. (2007). Behavioral indicators of household
decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social
marketing in Ghana. Social science and medicine ; yol. 64, no. 12 ; p.
2427-2442. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.010
 
Source: id21 Research Highlight [www.irc.nl/url/26054]: 10 May 2008
 
Contact: Marion Jenkins, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of California, e-mail [mailto:mwjenkins@ucdavis.edu]
——————–
 
FINANCE: High and upfront connection charges for water act as a major
barrier
 
Incorporating the water connection fee in an all—inclusive tariff or
payment in installments is one of the solutions that eliminates the barrier
of connection charges, concludes a recent issues paper of the Asian
Development Bank [1]. This will allow access for poor households, is
manageable for utilities, will cover connection costs, and is sustainable
and affordable.
 
High and upfront connection charges for water act as a major barrier to
uptake. This fact tends to be eclipsed by the more controversial issues of
tariff reform and/or private sector engagement, but its impacts are just as
grave. Despite various studies positively showing the willingness and
ability to pay of households—including those in slums and poor
communities—and despite utilities’ efforts to lower water tariffs, many
remain hampered by the often high connection fee that they have to pay
upfront, and comprehensive administrative requirements.
 
While high and upfront connection charges have a long history, it is
fortunate that an increasing number of utilities and governments are not
solely relying on this concept anymore. They are exploring alternatives to
upfront charges designed to create win–win situations for utilities and
consumers. These alternatives are beginning to show positive results.
 
[1] The Hows and Whys of Water Connection Charges, Issues Paper
[www.irc.nl/url/26056], ADB
 
Contact: Rudolf Frauendorfer, Senior Urban Development Specialist, ADB,
E-mail: mailto:rfrauendorfer@adb.org
*******************************
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE
 
BIOMIMICRY: beetle-based water harvesting
 
A pioneering water harvesting system inspired by the Namib Desert Beetle
(Stenocara gracilipes) is one the biomimicry innovations that will feature
in the first annual edition of Nature’s 100 Best© book
[www.irc.nl/url/26199]. The book is an initiative of ZERI,
Biomimicry Guild and the Biomimicry Institute, in cooperation with IUCN,
and UNEP.
 
The Namib Desert Beetle lives in a location that receives a mere 40 mm of
rain a year yet it can harvest drinking water from early morning fogs.
Researchers from the University of Oxford and the UK defense research firm
QinetiQ, designed a surface that mimics the water-attracting (hydrophilic)
bumps and water-shedding (hydrophobic) valleys on the beetle’s wing scales
that allows the insect to collect and funnel droplets thinner than a human
hair.
 
Material engineers have created synthetic versions of the Namib beetle’s
fog-catching technology for numerous applications. Synthetic films can be
“printed” on to polymer sheets and attached to buildings and tents to
harvest water vapour, to serve for instance refugee camps. Another
application involves capturing and recycling up to 10 per cent of water
vapour from cooling towers, which lead to cuts in energy bills.
 
Related articles:
 
 * Parker, A.R. and Lawrence, C.R. (2001). Water capture by a desert
   beetle. Nature ; no. 414 ; p. 33-34. doi:10.1038/35102108
   [www.irc.nl/url/26200]
 
 * Its a bugs life. Building services journal
   [www.irc.nl/url/26201]. 06 Jan 2005
 
 * Anne Trafton, Beetle spawns new material, MIT News
   [www.irc.nl/url/26202], 14 Jun 2006
 
Related web site: FogQuest [www.irc.nl/url/4687]
 
Contact: Prof. Robert E. Cohen [www.irc.nl/url/26203], Department of
Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
 
Source: UNEP [www.irc.nl/url/26204], 28 May 2008
*******************
FUNDING
 
BILATERAL AID: update on new water funding from Japan, Australia and Spain
 
Japan is setting up a new technical assistance corps of groundwater and
water supply system specialists to be known as « W-SAT, » or the
« Water Security Action Team », which will be dispatched to work in
Africa. This is one of the new initiatives mentioned by Japan’s Prime
Minister Yasuo Fukuda in the opening session of the Fourth Tokyo
International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) in Yokohama.
Fukuda announced that Japan would double aid to Africa, currently US$ 1.7
billion (EUR 1.1 million), by 2012. Japan will also provide ODA loans of up
to US$ 4 billion (EUR 2.6 billion) to improve African infrastructure.
 
Peru will obtain US$ 80 million (EUR 51.8 million) in funding from the
water and sanitation cooperation fund, created by the Spanish government.
The fund, announced by Spain in November 2007, was launched on 16 May 2008
in Lima, during the Latin America and Caribbean-European Union heads of
state summit. Peru will be the first country to receive resources from the
fund, which has US$ 1.5 billion (EUR 1 billion) to distribute from
2008-2012.
 
Australia will invest AU$ 300 million (EUR 183 million) over three years,
with AU$ 8 million (EUR 5 million) in 2008-09, to improve access to clean
water and sanitation. Priority areas for Australian aid are the Pacific and
Papua New Guinea.
 
Related news: Latin America: Spain launches US$ 1.5 billion Water Fund,
Source Weekly [www.irc.nl/url/25062], 10 Dec 2007
 
Web sites:
 
 * Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD)
   [www.irc.nl/url/26188]
 
 * MOFA – Japan’s ODA [www.irc.nl/url/15788]
 
 * Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECI)
   [www.irc.nl/url/26189]
 
 * AusAID [www.irc.nl/url/3646]
 
Source: WASH News Finance, 6 Jun 2008 [www.irc.nl/url/26182], 25 May
2008 [www.irc.nl/url/25929] and 20 May 2008
[www.irc.nl/url/25898]
——————–
 
WATER KIOSKS: providing affordable urban water services in Cameroon and
Tanzania
 
In 2004, a public water kiosk was built in Bessengué Akwa, one of the
poorest neighbourhoods in Doula, Cameroon. The multifunctional kiosk also
serves as a meeting place and houses a general store. The price for 20
litres of water is just under five US dollar cents (three eurocents), which
is half the price that the community used to pay before. Revenue from the
kiosk is divided equally between the kiosk manager, the water company and
the local water committee. The kiosk cost around 2.6 million CFA francs
(US$ 6,300 = EUR 4,000) was funded by the European Union and the French
Institut Régional de Coopération Développement in the region of Alsace.
 
The Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Corporation (DAWASCO), in Tanzania,
has extended water provision to unserved areas, by building dozens of water
kiosks. Hundreds more are planned, although many are plagued with erratic
water supplies. The going rate for a 20-litre canister of water at one of
the kiosks is just four US dollar cents (2.6 eurocents) apiece, which is
four times less than charged by water vendors, but still more than four
times the price of piped water. A family of five, dependent on water
vendors, could spend up to about 84 US dollar cents (54 eurocents) a day on
water.
 
Related web sites:
 
 * IRCDOC – list of reports on water kiosks [www.irc.nl/url/26193]
 
 * BPD – SSP (Small Scale Providers) Internet Resource Base
   [www.irc.nl/url/23742]
 
Source: IRIN [www.irc.nl/url/26194], 20 May 2008 ; Sarah McGregor,
IPS [www.irc.nl/url/26195], 27 May 2008
************************
New Publications
NEW PUBLICATIONS
 
WATERLINES, VOL. 27, NO. 2 (APRIL 2008)
Year of publication: 2008
 
Waterlines, vol. 27, no. 2 (April 2008)
 
The April 2008 edition of Waterlines describes innovative ways to make
knowledge on water, sanitation and waste accessible to the users in the
field. It includes the following articles:
Crossfire: ‘Knowledge sharing should focus on learning culture, rather
than the generation of knowledge’ by James Webster and Geoff Pearce;
Improving water and sanitation provision globally through information
sharing by Martin Mulenga; Learning alliances for integrated and
sustainable innovations in urban water management by Joep Verhagen, John
Butterworth and Mike Morris; Practical answers: a platform for knowledge
sharing by Robert Cartridge, Neil Noble and Zbigniew Mikolajuk; The power
of knowledge in executing household water treatment programmes globally by
C. Dow Baker, L. Rolling, R. Martinez, A. Baryar, G. Bulos and M. Lipman;
and The challenge of servicing on-site sanitation in dense urban areas:
experiences from a pilot project in Dhaka by Jonathan Parkinson and Masudul
Quader. It also includes book reviews.
 
Download individual articles (cost US$9 + tax )
[www.irc.nl/url/26187]
 
Single copies of the whole issue can be ordered (cost £12.50 or $25) from
Practical Action [mailto:publishinginfo@practicalaction.org.uk]
—————-
BEYOND CONSTRUCTION : use by all : a collection of case studies from
sanitation and hygiene promotion practitioners in South Asia
Year of publication: 2008
 
WaterAid and IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre (2008). Beyond
construction : use by all : a collection of case studies from sanitation
and hygiene promotion practitioners in South Asia. London, UK, WaterAid and
Delft, The Netherlands, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. –
viii, 400 p. – ISBN: 978993704729
 
Collection of papers presented in a 3-day learning and sharing workshop on
sanitation and hygiene, from 29-31 January 2008, in Gazipur, Dhaka,
Bangladesh. Over 50 people were invited to participate in the workshop
including NGOs working on WASH in the region, academia and the media. The
objective of the workshop was to identify and learn from good practices
identified by a wide group of stakeholders. Secondly, the workshop looked
ahead to SACOSAN 2008. Workshop subjects were: urban, sanitation, rural
sanitation, hygiene promotion, and finance. The publication contains the
following: an overview of the workshop discussions, the messages that
emerged and plans for further joint work; 23 case studies written by
practitioners from the region for the workshop divided into sections on
urban sanitation, rural sanitation and hygiene; and a concluding paper that
takes stock of progress in South Asia.
 
Download document or individual papers [www.irc.nl/url/25860]
***************************

Nouvelles web

BushProof Madagascar, entreprise sociale primée, annonce son nouveau site Web en français: www.bushproof-madagascar.com. En tant que spécialiste de l’adduction d’eau potable et des forages a moindre coût, le site vous présente des solutions de forage adapté aux conditions a Madagascar, ainsi que les pompes manuelles, la réhabilitation de puits ouverts, protection de source, des différents filtres céramique et à sable, des formations sur mesure et des études de faisabilité. Grâce a des technologies appropriées illustrées dans le site, BushProof a réalisé en partenariat avec nombreux ONGs la construction de plus de 600 points d’eau potable depuis 2004.

Adriaan Mol (adriaanmol@bushproof.com)
********************

NAMES
 
GUINEA WORM ERADICATION: President Laurent Gbagbo of Cote d’Ivoire
receives Jimmy Carter Prize
 
President Laurent Gbagbo of the Ivory Coast has received the Jimmy Carter
Prize, sponsored by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, for his push to
eradicate the waterborne disease Guinea worm in his country. Fighting
guinea worm, or dracontiasis, is an uphill battle in regions where there
isn’t enough safe drinking water, whether from poor waste disposal, rapid
population growth, or both, as in Abidjan District. Komlan Siamevi of the
World Health Organization, who presented the prize in Cocody, praised
President Gbagbo’s efforts.
 
Source: Ernest Aka Simon, Fraternité Matin (Abidjan) / allAfrica.com
[www.irc.nl/url/26027] [in French], 16 May 2008
********************

Events

17- 23 août 2008 : Semaine Mondiale de l’Eau – Stockholm, Suède
La semaine mondiale de l’eau est le principal évènement mondial annuel pour le développement des capacités, la construction de partenariats et le suivi de la mise en œuvre des processus et programmes internationaux pour l’eau et le développement.

Organisé par : Stockholm International Water Institute

Pour plus d’informations, voir site: http://www.worldwaterweek.org/
Pour plus d’informations : http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/doha/index.htm
————

***********************

Selection pour Sources Nouvelles No. 64 14.4.08

Informations générales (max 3)
 - World Water Day: walking and talking for water most popular 2008 events
 - Human rights: the Netherlands officially recognises the right to water
 - USA: Congressman Payne champions International Year of Sanitation

Afrique Sub-Saharienne (max 3)

  – Ghana: children take the lead on World Water Day
 - Nigeria: federal government backs construction of million latrines
 
 - Zimbabwe, Bulawayo: engulfed by sewage

Europe et Amérique du Nord (max 1)
Pas de nouvelles.

Autres régions (max 2)
 - Egypt: lack of proper sanitation systems threatens groundwater, health
 - Latin America: governments sign multilateral water cooperation agreement

 - South Africa: parish pump politics – the politics of water supply
 - Harmonisation and alignment: lessons for donors from the water sector

Contact: BGR, mailto:symposium2008@bgr.de, Dr. Thomas Himmelsbach, tel.:
+49-511-6433794 or Andrea Wachtler, tel.: +49-511-6432985

More information: [http://tinyurl.com/2fyxja]
*******************

crepa_inco_ewen_comments_draft_20-11-07-2-3.doc

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selection-pour-sources-nouvelles_6-aout_2007_tettje.doc

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